Simón Bolívar
President of Gran Colombia
Died when: 47 years 146 days (568 months)Star Sign: Leo
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.
He is known colloquially as El Libertador, or the Liberator of America.Simón Bolívar was born in Caracas in the Captaincy General of Venezuela into a wealthy criollo family.
Before he turned ten, he lost both parents and lived in several households.Bolívar was educated abroad and lived in Spain, as was common for men of upper-class families in his day.
While living in Madrid from 1800 to 1802, he was introduced to Enlightenment philosophy and met his future wife María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa.
After returning to Venezuela, in 1803 del Toro contracted yellow fever and died.From 1803 to 1805, Bolívar embarked on a grand tour that ended in Rome, where he swore to end the Spanish rule in the Americas.
In 1807, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and proposed gaining Venezuelan independence to other wealthy creoles.When the Spanish authority in the Americas weakened due to Napoleon's Peninsular War, Bolívar became a zealous combatant and politician in the Spanish American wars of independence.
Bolívar began his military career in 1810 as a militia officer in the Venezuelan War of Independence, fighting Spanish and more native Royalist forces for the first and second Venezuelan republics and the United Provinces of New Granada.
After Spanish forces subdued New Granada in 1815, Bolívar was forced into exile in the Republic of Haiti, led by Haitian revolutionary Alexandre Pétion.
Bolívar befriended Pétion and, after promising to abolish slavery in South America, received military support from Haiti.Returning to Venezuela, he established a third republic in 1817 and then crossed the Andes in 1819 to liberate New Granada.
Bolívar and his allies defeated the Spanish in New Granada in 1819, Venezuela and Panama in 1821, Ecuador in 1822, Peru in 1824, and Bolivia in 1825.
Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, and Panama were merged into the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia), with Bolívar as president there and in Peru and Bolivia.
In his final years, Bolívar became increasingly disillusioned with the South American republics, and distanced from them because of his centralist ideology.
He was successively removed from his offices until, after a failed assassination attempt, he resigned the presidency of Colombia and died of tuberculosis in 1830.
He is regarded as a national and cultural icon throughout Latin America; the nations of Bolivia and Venezuela and their currencies are named after him.
His legacy is diverse and far-reaching within Latin America and beyond; he has been memorialized all over the world in the form of public art or street names and in popular culture.
